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These FG-domains constitute the key components of the selective gate-barrier that limits the diffusion of cargoes through the NPC (see following section).

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04052.018 To further characterize the permeability barrier within the NPC, we determined whether impβ and RanGTP affect the free diffusion of cargos through the pore under both normal and reduced levels of Nup153.

The diffusion of molecular cargo through the hydrogel matrix and the release characteristics from these hydrogels were investigated.

The complete protein import cycle can be summarized as follows (Fig. 3): (i) Importin-β proteins bind their import substrates in the cytoplasm, then, the affinity of transport receptors for the FG-repeat meshwork allows facilitated diffusion of importin-cargo complexes across the NPC.

(F ) Diffusion of a soluble cargo across a stack through transient intercisternal tubules.

Such an active motor-based delivery strategy offers dramatic improvement in the efficiency compared to the common passive diffusion of orally administrated cargoes.

Simulations of cargo transport with diffusion, motor transport and flows show that oskar mRNA is repelled from this patch and localises to the adjacent posterior boundary, in agreement with experiments.

Carrying out a photo-bleaching experiment to compare the kinetics of intra Golgi diffusion of small and large cargos may help to control for this in physiological conditions.

NPCs allow free diffusion of small molecules and can mediate active transport of cargo up to ∼39 nm in diameter (Panté and Kann, 2002).

Release kinetics are dictated primarily by surface erosion or bulk degradation rates when the hydrogel mesh size is smaller than the hydrodynamic radius of the cargo molecule, and by diffusion when mesh size is larger than the hydrodynamic radius of cargo molecule.

In such cases, release of cargo molecules will be slower as well due to hindered diffusion.