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When the cell monolayer was treated with A. cinnamomea extract, all ergostanes (antcins A, B, C, H, K, log P 3.0 4.7) showed favorable permeability (P app > 2.5 × 10−5 cm/s), and they were mainly absorbed via passive diffusion (efflux ratio ≤ 1.0).
Based on sequence similarities the metal ions most likely transported by the efflux systems are indicated in column 4. HME-RND, Heavy Metal Efflux - Resistance-Nodulation-Cell division protein family; CDF, cation diffusion efflux proteins.
The higher zinc tolerance of R. litoralis could be due to the Zn-Cpx-type ATPase and/or the putative cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance protein CzcD (Table 2), a member of the cation diffusion efflux (CDF) family [ 29].
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Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively.
Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m2·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK.
The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China.
Mice treated with clofibrate, a known activator of L-FABP, displayed enhanced liver FA uptake, intracellular diffusion and efflux [41].
We do not distinguish between diffusion and efflux pumps or active transports and apply usually a transport threshold of three, i.e. if the autoinducer concentration is high.
This is because the CO2 concentration and its radial gradient within the stem are constantly changing due to CO2 production by respiration, radial diffusion and efflux into the ambient air.
Partial loss of doxorubicin observed in cells that were incubated with lovastatin is likely due to passive diffusion or efflux mediated by alternative mechanisms because this same pattern was observed in parental A2780 cells, which do not overexpress P-gp, treated in the same manner (data not shown).
Recent literature suggests that several food antioxidants possess poor bioavailability due to their low solubility in water, gastrointestinal instability, passive diffusion, and active efflux in the gastrointestinal tract.
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