It is also common to consider the diffusion effect in biological systems such as immigration [26, 27].
The above observations could be explained by two mechanisms, namely, shadow effect and diffusion effect.
In the typical example of PZT, the oxide conductive materials were utilized as the electrodes [96], which effectively blocked the diffusion effect in each interface.
It is shown that the species diffusion effect is more important.
We measure the diffusion effect with the two previously defined ad hoc metrics, namely AK and KD.
Figure 4(a) to (e) show the Cr diffusion effect with the different T an.
In particular, we find a positive diffusion effect from the Toyota Prius and a negative diffusion effect from the Honda Insight, with elasticities of 0.23 to 0.85 for the Prius and –0.08 to –0.32 for the Insight.
The diffusion effect is studied in a specially designed three-cell reactor.
The simulation results show that the higher the diffusion coefficient, the greater the diffusion effect is, especially when it is larger than 1 × 10−3 cm2/s, the impact increases drastically (Fig. 2a).
In this model, both gas-liquid equilibrium effect and multi-component diffusion effect have been well considered.
The low enrichment factors compared to laboratory studies was attributed to assimilation in plants/microbes as well as diffusion effect.
