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A second serious difficulty is the problem of bias: we cannot justify the assumption that the sample of known features is random.
One important difficulty is the "problem of manipulation" in which it is supposed that a hypnotist inserts into an agent a mental state structure that is sufficient for autonomy (see, e.g., Taylor 2005a).
However, an additional difficulty is the problem of potential simultaneity bias between the REER and (1) trade openness and (2) trade balance, which we have approached by instrumenting both independent variables with their first available lags in a two-step OLS framework, as proposed by Banerjee et al.
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One of the difficulties is the problem of visualizing data that has many variables.
One of the difficulties in risk factor studies is the problem of locating breeding sites, due to the limited resolution of satellite images.
One difficulty that may have contributed to this is the problem of maintaining a fixed geometry between the US beam and the blood vessel.
The main difficulty in comparing HAT and malaria DALYs is the problem of estimating the relative rate of under-reporting of the two diseases based on hospital data.
A major difficulty that all such studies must overcome is the problem of distinguishing effects of genetic variation (e.g., new mutations) from those of nongenetically transmitted variants (Johannes et al. 2009; Roux et al. 2011).
One obvious difficulty is the counting problem, noted earlier: the 'population' of properties is poorly defined.
For neighbourhood search methods, one direct indicator of problem difficulty is the number of local optima that exist in the problem landscape.
Compounding the difficulty of any theoretical understanding was the problem of controlling the exact composition of these early semiconductor materials, which were binary combinations of different chemical elements (such as copper and oxygen).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com