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As a result, and consistently with acknowledged diagnostic difficulties, the classification of the analysed samples was revised (Table 1): four cases of TCs (patients 2, 3, 4, and 21) were considered as ACs whereas one previous AC (patient 7) was classified as TC.
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Difficulties in the classification of infection severity and the identification of organ dysfunctions could explain the differences between studies (30, 31).
Because of the recognised difficulties in the classification [ 39] of families where the main earner was in the armed forces (n = 4), we excluded these families from the analyses.
We found some difficulties in the classification between GPA and MPA with the EMEA algorithm; for example, of the nine patients classified as having GPA owing to the presence of GPA surrogate markers, five had chronic sinusitis in which granulomatous inflammation was not proven by histology.
That means that the impact of the different AD measures depends on the level of difficulty of the classification problem (expressed as AUC ROC) and will be largest for classification problems with intermediate difficulty (range AUC ROC: 0.7 0.9).
From the confidence measures, the built-in class probability estimates performed constantly best, irrespective of the difficulty of the classification problem.
Figure 8 The perceptron's error rate vs the difficulty of the classification task and as a function of the parameters determining the learning rate.
The difficulty of the classification task is increased by an increasing number of classes, but including such decision rules could improve the rates obtainable.
Before turning to the problem of classifying unseen points, we propose a simple yet effective way to quantify the difficulty of the classification problem.
That means that it depends on the level of difficulty of the classification problem (expressed as AUC ROC) and will be largest for intermediately difficult problems (range AUC ROC 0.7 0.9).
Such similarity poses a great difficulty in the classification of PGx and neutral variants.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com