In order to reduce the difficulty of alignment for encoding operation between inter-communication traffic, the width of OFDM subcarrier pulse is stretched in our proposed scheme.
And clearly, the number and complexity of the variant molecules in cases of LHP may impact the difficulty of alignment and the accuracy with which the authentic template sequences are detected due to reference bias [84 86].
Motivation: Alignment-free methods for sequence comparison are increasingly used for genome analysis and phylogeny reconstruction; they circumvent various difficulties of traditional alignment-based approaches.
Four different attributes were calculated for each reference alignment, which reflect the overall difficulty of the alignment: the total number of sequences to be aligned, the average length of the sequences to be aligned, the norMD score which is an objective function for MSA based on the Mean Distance (MD) scores introduced in ClustalX [63].
Sdev and Smod results within each similarity range are consistent across most alignment methods (Fig. 2), pointing to the inherent ease or difficulty of aligning particular domains.
In addition, an intraspecies alignment tends to be less accurate than an interspecies one, due to the difficulty of computing alignment scores corresponding to the actual divergence time [ 52].
Furthermore, the tolerance of misalignment existing in inter-ONUs traffic is investigated and analyzed for all-optical encoding operation, and the difficulty of pulse alignment is proved to be lower.
That highlights the difficulty of continuous alignment of two different systems.
In order to reduce difficulty of optical alignment in developing phases, while increasing robustness, IR2-OPT employs a rather simple design: a triplet of ZnS (G1), quartz (G2), and quartz (G3).
Also, some rRNA, tRNAs and SRPs were absent in the final set due to difficulties of producing correct genome alignments for these regions, which is critical for secondary structure prediction with RNAz.
