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Clinically, AD generally begins with subtle short-term memory problems and then progresses to difficulties in memory, language, and orientation.
The Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) assesses difficulties in memory, decision-making and ADLs and has been validated against the Mini-Mental State examination [ 11, 12].
Impaired cognitive function (difficulties in memory, attention, and executive functioning) is a third important symptom cluster [ 1, 2] that is mainly associated with negative symptoms [ 3].
Relatives were asked whether the twin had difficulties in memory or thinking and whether these difficulties led to problems in daily activities, to moving into a different type of housing, or to visiting a physician to evaluate the cognitive difficulties.
Dementia is a brain function syndrome characterized by a cluster of symptoms and signs manifested by difficulties in memory, disturbances in language, psychological and psychiatric changes, and impairments in activities of daily living.
Dementia is a clinical syndrome that characterizes many different etiologies, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, vascular, and infectious diseases defined by a cluster of symptoms and signs manifested by difficulties in memory, disturbances in language, psychological and psychiatric alterations, and impairments in daily living activities.
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For this article, we focus our analysis on the two self-ratings of mobility (difficulty in moving around, difficulty in performing vigorous activity) and cognition (difficulty in memory, difficulty in learning) as objective measures needed to test assumptions of vignettes were available for these domains.
Scored on a 30-point scale, the MMSE screens for difficulties in episodic memory, orientation, working memory, naming, language, and image copying.
Although not directly tested, these authors speculated that such schizophrenic patients' failures to process past and future episodes might be related to disturbance of the sense of "subjective time" in these patients, as well as to difficulties in episodic memory, which has been assumed to be disturbed in schizophrenia [55], [56], [57], [58], [59].
In the sense that carriers of the nicotine addiction risk allele present difficulties in working memory and attention and in maintaining and updating information over short delays [ 27].
In addition, commonly associated neuropsychological difficulties in intelligence, memory, executive functioning, attention, processing speed, language, visuospatial skills, motor skills, and affect/mood are explored.
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