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We therefore hope that students' difficulties documented in these studies will be used to inform the design of instruction that may yield greater understanding of and ability to engage in tree thinking.
All established difficulties documented in our literature review (Table 1) were consistently found in responses from our own undergraduate biology students.
With a list of important experimental design difficulties as the target (Table 1), the first criterion for selecting such assessments was whether publishers claim that a test probes for the difficulties documented in the literature.
In addressing RQ2, we found that our undergraduate biology students demonstrated the full range of difficulties documented in Table 1, confirming the important need to address such difficulties in instruction.
In summary, our study yielded the following major findings: All established difficulties documented in our literature review (Table 1 ) were consistently found in responses from our own undergraduate biology students.
To understand what types of difficulties undergraduate biology students have with experimental design, besides the data from the literature review (RQ1), we examined all answers to three assessments to identify difficulties documented in the literature, as well as other flawed responses, using an iterative process over a period of 3 yr.
Similar(54)
Moore and Russell seem to have been acutely aware of this difficulty as is documented in their very explicit efforts to avoid it.
A difficulty has been documented in phylogenetic reconstruction of gene families with anciently duplicated genes [ 26], in which saturation of frequently-mutating amino acids leads to erroneous "outgroup topologies".
It is conceivable that identification of evident miRNA expression discrepancy among these samples with varying proportion of "good" and "bad" eggs is challenging, and such difficulties have also been documented in previous studies [ 25, 48].
This difficulty has recently been documented in relation to occupational physicians use of weight gain prevention CPGs [ 26].
Student difficulties with natural variability have been well documented in multiple studies examining students doing experiments (Table 1, difficulty IV).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com