However, making the mapping between directed actions and the sequence of key mathematical ideas needed to prove a conjecture is fraught with difficulty, as shown in the second transcript.
These items were then rearranged as a Guttman-type scale according to their item difficulty, as shown in Figures 1 (mobility scale) and Figure 2 (walking scale).
It should be noted that a full monolayer coverage as well as a full saturation of all porphyrins by the NO ligands can be achieved without difficulty, as shown in the controlled desorption experiments where initially all porphyrins were ligated (cf. Figure 2 ).
While neural organization for picture naming was in many ways conserved from school age to early adulthood both in overall patterns of activation and in response to levels of naming difficulty, as shown in conjunction analyses there were also remarkable differences in the way in which children's and adults' brains responded to increased naming demands.
(1) Habituation to task and repetition of task, as shown in an oddball task that led to decrements in P300 amplitude sequentially for each of the ten times the task was repeated [ 50]. (2) Task difficulty as shown in a series of mathematical tasks that gradually increased their level of difficultly, the P300 amplitudes formed a U-shaped trend from 'extremely easy' to 'extremely difficult' [ 51].
To understand to what extent published assessments reveal evidence of first-year undergraduate biology students' knowledge and difficulties with experimental design, we used responses to the shrimp, drug, and bird assessments to identify students' correct ideas and difficulties, which, as shown in Table 3, were then classified within all five categories of difficulty.
If not so like the illustrator of Outfit MNSQ 1.07 on the upper-right corner in Figure 3, one then has confidence that the responses can reveal valuable information about the respondent In Figure 3, one can easily observe that the person with ability 2.30 failed on item 13 with difficulty 0.59, as shown in the upper-left of Figure 3.
Given the difficulties with heterogeneity as shown in previous chapters, a within-subject design remains the preferred method to reduce the risk of both type I and type II errors.
Its final version ranged in difficulty from −0.64 to 3.21, as shown in Table 4.
In addition, deteriorations in health may also be associated with an increase in aggressive behavior, particularly when there were communication difficulties in expressing underlying medical problems, as shown in previous studies on those with intellectual disabilities [ 54, 55].
