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It is important to understand variations in infant feeding by ethnicity as research on this topic might imply differing interventions for different groups.
As studies compared differing interventions in differing settings with differing measures of renal function, a random effects model was employed for all analyses.
However, the complexity of study design, inclusion criteria and outcome parameters, combined with differences in formula composition mean that meta-analysis may overlook important effects of differing interventions in sub-groups.
Hence, we chose to use another recognised approach, dividing proportionally the number of events and total population of the shared usual care group between intervention arm comparisons, avoiding 'double-counting' while still allowing exploration of heterogeneity across differing interventions [23].
The included studies were undertaken in a variety of settings, used varying methods and evaluated differing interventions and outcomes.
The GPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee approved the use of GPRD data for this study as part of a broader evaluation of the effectiveness of differing interventions in obstructive lung disease.
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Mean light level during nighttime also did not differ (intervention: 167.1 ± 5 lux; control: 170.2 ± 8 lux).
The proportion of benign lesions appropriately managed in primary care did not differ (intervention 99.6% v control 99.2%, P=0.46), neither did the percentage agreement with an expert decision to biopsy or monitor (intervention 98.5% v control 95.7%, P=0.26).
The results show that the studies on interventions are rarely conclusive and that it is difficult to compare results because of differing designs, interventions and measures.
However, the performance scores for the low ACT students did not differ with the different interventions.
Meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the data (differing population, intervention and outcomes across studies).
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