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A coating may be defined as a near-surface region having properties differing from the bulk of the material, which is prepared by adding a material to the surface (overlay coating).
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1D spectra revealed that, even size fractions were not significantly different from each other, all of them differed from the bulk RES4, as the alkyl signals, assigned to lipid structures by 2D NMR spectra, were more intense and resolved.
But, she said, the kind of accusations the Americans worry about -- based on distinction between military and civilian targets, for example -- differ from the bulk of crimes tried at The Hague, which "are based on rules of war that are bright-line rules: Don't slaughter P.O.W.'s, don't ravish women, don't put P.O.W.'s in the front line to de-mine no man's land".
This has implications for materials design for nanoscale applications where dimensions are such that equilibrium morphologies dramatically differ from the bulk phases.
However, the surface precipitates differ from the bulk ones in terms of their orientation relationship with the matrix, the habit plane and the long axis direction.
A modified surface is a near-surface region whose properties differ from the bulk of the material and which is formed from the bulk material by changing the composition, phase, or properties; the substrate material is detectable in this region.
In such specimens, Cm might differ from the bulk cement content by a factor of up to 2. Thus, a reliable determination of Ccl in terms of %Cl by weight of cement requires the analysis of both Ccl and Cm in a concrete specimen.
Recognition of outliers is to determine which data points may differ from the bulk of the data present in the data bank under study (Gramatica 2007; Rousseeuw and Leroy 2005).
This uncertainty arises from the fact that surface sites and surface defect sites may have an orbital structure that differs from the bulk.[43] Figure 1 Schematic representation of the relevant energy levels involved in the electron transfer between a semiconductor particle and an adsorbate (A).
MD simulations furthermore complement our view of the hydration in the upper part of the pore, namely in the hydrophobic upper half region where main-chain carbonyl oxygens of the Ile9′ and Ala13′ rings of residues contribute to organize water molecules in several layers that clearly differ from the bulk.
The pressure p and the density ρ differ from the their bulk counterparts only in a small linear perturbation.
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