To characterize and quantify effects we developed a conceptual framework on the basis of joint probabilities of occurrence on a per-camera basis and created a novel statistical approach to assess whether observed probabilities of co-occurrence differed from expected probabilities of co-occurrence.
The sex ratio of 1.03 in offspring to female workers also did not differ from expected.
PMI is a measure of how much the joint probability of a particular co-occurrence of events, p x, y), differs from the expected joint probability, assuming the independence of x and y, p(x) *p y) [ 25].
Expected utility calculated this way differs from expected utility calculated using probability and utility assignments grounded in attitudes toward possible outcomes.
To be consistent with Huelsenbeck and Hillis [ 22] and Siddall [ 26], we express the length of any tree branch, represented here as p, in terms of the expected probability that the nucleotide at one end of the branch differs from the nucleotide at the other end.
Moreover, physical health did not differ significantly from expected scores.
The expected probability of obesity also increased from west to east, with 11.5percentt probability in New York City, 17percentt in Nassau and 17.8percentt in Suffolk.
In each row, numbers indicate the expected probability, for each allele, to come from each PP.
The expected growth rate was considered abnormally low if the current height differed from the expected more than −2.3 SD.
The observed phenotype frequencies did not differ from the expected frequencies.
In addition, many of these kids may have language skills that differ from those expected at school.
