It also illustrates that the idealization which is a necessary part of theoretical modeling can outline in sharp relief the consequences of differing alternative interpretations and mechanisms––with final arbiter being a body of experimental evidence whose measurements address the consequences of these analyses.
Compared with the reference genome, our B73 genotype differed (alternative homozygote allele) at 1.75% of SNPs, and across all lines our genotypes differed at a median (mean) rate of 1.83% (4.62%) from the maize SNP50 data (Cook et al. 2012).
Only those criteria whose values in different alternatives differ significantly can play important roles in decision-making processes.
First, differing management alternatives were mainly controlled by human decisions that in some way disregarded the ecological systems where the farms were located.
Numerous studies have explored the influence of forest management on avian communities empirically, but uncertainty about causal relationships between landscape patterns and temporal dynamics of bird communities calls into question how observed historical patterns can be projected into the future, particularly to assess consequences of differing management alternatives.
Partial proportional odds models are generalizations of ordered probability models, for which some of the beta coefficients can differ across alternatives, were applied to investigate Patterns 5 and 8, and the total left-turn crash injuries.
This result may explain why the prediction error variance differed between alternatives for animals with one phantom parent, but not for animals with two phantom parents.
Notably, mice of the DAT-i group appeared greatly impaired in operant choice between two alternatives differing for reward size and delay contingencies.
The groups obtained this way are usually static and may differ from alternative groups obtained using different observed variables.
However, basal metazoan relationships remain controversial (see alternative views in [ 28, 29, 31]), and the reconstruction may differ under alternative topologies.
Because limitations on both time and information preclude examination of more than a few options, policy makers typically focus on alternatives differing only marginally from previous policies.
