Real time PCR was used to compare the expression of several genes linked to mammary gland differentiation and turnover, including beta casein, clusterin, fatty acid synthase, macrophage inhibitory factor, and TGFβRII.
These results strongly suggest that pathology-driven mechanisms underlie the peculiar HC engraftment, myeloid differentiation and turnover observed in the CNS of transplanted Twi mice.
PfATG8 has evolved to participate in multiple functions including, but not limited to, cell differentiation, protein turnover, apicoplast biogenesis, and partitioning into daughter cells.
This protein functions predominantly as an endopeptidase within the endolysosomal vesicles of healthy cells, and is involved in many physiological processes, such as differentiation, protein turnover, degradation and apoptosis.
It is also possible that the genetically unstable clones undergoing differentiation and final turnover may disappear from the tissue.
In the present study, we further assessed the effect of lamin A/C knockout in vivo on bone microarchitecture, osteoblast differentiation and bone turnover using lamin A/C (Lmna−/−) mice.
B-cell hyperactivation by HIV is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, increased polyclonal B-cell activation, cell turnover, differentiation to plasmablasts, production of auto-antibodies and increased frequency of B-cell malignancies.
There is evidence of NF κB involvement in colonic crypt differentiation and cell turnover in mouse colon, where NF κB activity is greater in proliferating cells at the base of crypts compared to mature cells at the surface (Inan et al, 2000).
The MAP kinase signal transduction pathway is of particular interest to this skeletal muscle model because it is a key mediator of the cellular response to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), a known regulator of myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation, and protein turnover [ 49, 50].
The ECM may provide a reservoir for growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic and inflammatory response mediators, and proteases produced by tumor cells, that are known to regulate events such as cell growth and differentiation, and ECM turnover, which are critical to leiomyoma growth and regression [ 4- 7].
