From gene list U up-regulated genes were identified in the categories cell death, down-regulated genes in cell death, positive regulation of cellular process, cell differentiation, regulation of programmed cell death, positive regulation of metabolic process, regulation of cell differentiation, positive regulation of developmental processes and response to wounding (Table S6).
The present review overviewed the biological functions, biomarkers, signal pathways, differentiation regulation, genomics and proteomics, targeting roles of lung CSCs and related information on other CSCs as references.
It is important to understand the exact role of lung CSC subpopulations in tumor initiation, recurrence, drug resistance and metastasis and explore biomarkers, signaling pathways and differentiation regulation specific to lung CSCs.
ROS are chemically reactive molecules that have essential role in signal transduction, cell growth and differentiation, regulation of enzyme activities and immune response including inflammation and cytokine production.
Biochemical, molecular biological and gene knockout studies have demonstrated that the members of the interferon regulatory factor family play important roles in pathogen response, cytokine signalling, hematopoietic differentiation, regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis (reviewed in [1], [2].
miRNAs are integral in differentiation, regulation and cell signalling, in the innate and adaptive immune system.
In such a system, the collective functioning of groups of genes results in, for instance, signaling pathways or protein complexes that regulate cell differentiation, transcription regulation or growth.
The nme1/nm23 gene is a positive regulator of neuronal differentiation through regulation of Rb2/p130 expression [ 70].
Upon ES cell differentiation, down regulation of Klf2 and Klf4 was very rapid, whereas down regulation of Oct4 and Nanog was delayed for one to two days.
The differentiation and regulation of these diverse effector cells have to be tightly regulated and controlled to avoid unwanted immune responses.
The genes that differentiated between etiologies involved four areas: innate immunity, cytokine receptors, T-cell differentiation, and regulation of protein synthesis.
