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In many tissues orientation of cell division is coupled to the regulation of differentiation producing daughters with similar (symmetric cell division, SCD) or differential fate (asymmetric cell division, ACD).
Indeed, this process is similar to heterotopic bone formation [[5]] which usually starts with the proliferation of mesenchymal and perivascular undifferentiated cells, followed by their osteoblastic cell differentiation producing mature bone tissue.
The production of wood or secondary xylem by xylogenesis is a remarkable example of terminal differentiation, producing a complex three-dimensional tissue specialized in conduction and mechanical support.
In adipose tissue, factors secreted by infiltrating macrophages appear to alter preadipocyte differentiation, producing a proinflammatory and fibrotic environment that appears to be critical in the maintenance and progression of fat mass in obesity (Keophiphath et al. 2009).
Furthermore, studies using rabbit-derived cells demonstrated the ability of notochordal cells to undergo directed in vitro differentiation, producing cells that are morphologically and phenotypically similar to chondrocyte-like NP cells (Kim et al., 2009).
Bone lining cells functions are not completely understood, but it has been shown that these cells prevent the direct interaction between osteoclasts and bone matrix, when bone resorption should not occur, and also participate in osteoclast differentiation, producing osteoprotegerin (OPG) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) [ 14, 53].
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Further differentiation produces a thin layer of cells, called the hypoblast, between the inner cell mass and the cavity.
Thyroid hormone deficiency during the critical period of neural differentiation produces permanent and severe alterations in the morphology and function of the nervous system leading to cretinism.
Standardized genetic differentiation produced broadly similar results, with chimpanzees showing significantly larger standardized NRY genetic differentiation than three of five patrilocal human tribal groups (Table 2).
The RA-based differentiation produced appropriate expression profiles; however, it did not produce neuronal morphology or sufficient number of putative neurons for analysis.
Lineage selection produced large populations of SOX2+ neural stem/progenitor cell populations and neuronal derivatives while directed differentiation produced few and improper neuronal derivatives.
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