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Therefore, these silk fibroin scaffolds regulate cell differentiation outcomes due to their mechanical features.
The scaffold stiffness could be further tuned to match soft tissue mechanical properties, which resulted in different differentiation outcomes with rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward myogenic and endothelial cells, respectively.
However, due to the complexity of chemical and mechanical cues specifying differentiation outcomes, development of arbitrarily complex geometric and structural arrangements of cells, adopting multiple fates from the same initial stem cell population, has been difficult.
Although the effects of AgNP-PVP showed similarities to those of AgNP-C, we also found significant differences in potencies and differentiation outcomes that depended both on particle size and coating.
The morphology of cell aggregates on day 7 reflected the observed differentiation outcomes (Figure 1B E).
Addition of 10 (data not shown) and 25 nM PD173074 resulted in differentiation outcomes indistinguishable from the control (Figure 2A).
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In addition to differentiation outcome, EPL cells differentiated in the presence of FGFs 4 and 8 were analysed for the expression of a panel of marker genes of the primitive streak, mesoderm and EMT, as for Figure 2D.
We also found a pattern of transcript levels that would be consistent with a relatively normal differentiation outcome but increased proliferation by the bone marrow macrophages that were assayed after 14 days of space flight.
The shape of single cells and the composition of tethered matrix protein both influence the magnitude of traction stress applied and the resultant differentiation outcome.
Here, we show that the topography of the cell adhesion substratum can be an instructive cue to adult stem cells and topographical variations can strongly bias the differentiation outcome of the cells towards adipocyte or osteocyte fates.
The design of biomimetic scaffolds suitable for cell-based therapies is a fundamental step for the regeneration of the damaged nervous system; indeed growing interest is focusing on the discovery of peptide sequences to modulate the fate of transplanted cells and, in particular, the differentiation outcome of multipotent neural stem cells.
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