The usage of the methylC-seq method has been crucial to elucidating the importance of DNA methylation on gene regulation in honey bee, including its role in the differentiation of castes [ 8], behavioral differentiation of worker bees [ 7], and alternative splicing [ 23, 24].
Occupational data allowing differentiation of health workers are available for 18 countries through this source [ 30].
Epigenetic regulation is responsible for the differentiation of females into workers and queens two castes with strongly diverging life span potential and a plastic pattern of worker longevity that appears to be determined by the social behavior and colony setting rather than chronological age.
Another avenue of research is to consider the role of phenotypic plasticity as a source of differentiation among workers.
The work required for the construction of the track demonstrates that they had advanced woodworking skills and suggests some differentiation of occupation among the workers.
Furthermore, caste differentiation (differentiation of fertile queen and sterile worker, polyphenism) and sex determination via haplodiploidy (haploids and diploids develop into males and females, respectively) are specific to some hymenopterans such as honey bees, among the holometabolous insects.
This section provides an evaluation of epidemiological studies of workers exposed to chrysotile which provided as well differentiation when amphibole asbestos exposure also occurred.
Using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for Polistes metricus we selected candidate genes differentially expressed in other insects in three categories: 1) diapause vs. non-diapause phenotypes and/or worker vs. queen differentiation, 2) behavioral subcastes of worker honey bees, and 3) no a priori expectation of a role in worker/gyne development.
The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different castes of workers (when they exist), is influenced in some species by the nutrition the larvae obtain.
Category C consists of workers in all industries excluded from categories A or B. A further differentiation was made between manual workers and all other occupational types in high-risk industries.
