Another example of differentiation of snake scales is a transparent scale called the brille or spectacle which covers the eye of the snake.
This process of regeneration has been divided into four stages; starting with re-epithelization and the differentiation of scale-forming cells (day 1-2), followed by rapid production of external layer matrix (days 3-5), the production of basal-plate matrix (days 6-14) and finally partial mineralization of the basal plate (very intense by days 14-28) [ 8].
This can be explained in the realm of new trade theory, which emphasizes the importance of product differentiation, economies of scale, and firm heterogeneity (Dixit and Norman 1980; Melitz 2003).
In literature, a differentiation of sub scales was observed during the training of mechanical technicians (Nickolaus et al. 2013).
In an investigation of sensory organs in mantophasmid legs (ongoing collaboration with M. Eberhard, Univ. Vienna), PTA staining after fixation in alcoholic Bouin's was found to give clearer differentiation of fine-scale structures than iodine in microCT images.
These two results suggest that the first three points of each time series (representing the first 12 hours) can be used to identify genes whose expression changes significantly in the early stages of differentiation, before wide scale alterations of gene expression.
Our analysis targeted two main classes of genes: 1) upstream regulatory genes that may be spatially regulating optix expression, and 2) genes differentially activated downstream of optix to play a role in the differentiation of pigment-bearing scale cells.
The differentiation of the anxiety scale in "psychomotor agitation" and "psychic anxiety" in the best fitting model may be helpful in the interpretation of individual results of patients.
Species with broad dispersal potential have been reported with high levels of differentiation at spatial scales of a few kilometres or less [ 51- 53], while species that would otherwise be expected to show fine-scale population structure have been reported to show surprisingly high levels of connectivity throughout their geographic range [ 54, 55].
Because no clear morphological markers of dedifferentiation are apparent under an inverted microscope, we employed other methods to observe the sequential morphological variation over the course of differentiation at nanometer scale.
Thus, with neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, scaling with the geometric means of the expressions of RPL19 and RPL29 is recommended for the accurate normalization of gene expression.
