We found substantial differentiation in the frequencies of rs4821481, as indicated by the increased FST in the HapMap samples (FST CEU vs. YRI) = 0.51)[13], and the HGDP (FST = 0.49)[11](Figure 1, Table S1, Table S2, Table S3).
The authors found evidence of population differentiation in the haplotype frequencies, and together with the possible functional effect of the inversion and deletion alleles on the genes, they hypothesized that the observed differences could be the result of adaptation to different diets across populations [ 11].
Although expression of Lhx2 in intact EBs from day 4 of differentiation increase the frequency of hematopoietic progenitors in day 6 EBs, it does not to increase the efficiency in generating DoxHPC lines from the clonal assays of day 6 EBs (65% of the picked colonies compared to 69 % and 60 when dox was added only to the clonal assays, Table 1).
Due to the sparse SNP density of the PASNP data, locating genomic signatures of positive selection has previously relied on a SNP-based approach that essentially prioritized genomic regions with significant differentiation in allele frequency to indicate the presence of positive selection.
Although the cells did present cardiomyogenic differentiation potential, the frequency of cardiomyogenic differentiation was lower than expected.
The differentiation in genotype frequencies, morphology, and the continuous sediment record of coexistence in some lakes is undiminished by the expected existence of shared haplotypes.
The river valleys in Northern Sweden have shown genetic differentiation in terms of the frequency of protein markers [17].
Strong directional selection has the potential to produce populations with dramatic differentiation in allele frequency, a potential signal of selection (Lewontin and Krakauer 1973), which could be detectable either by SNP genotyping (Teotónio et al. 2009) or by resequencing (Burke et al. 2010; Turner et al. 2011).
Although it was not possible to calculate a migration rate in the other direction, weak prevailing winds are unlikely to support migration across the 150 200 km of inhospitable habitat [6] and the differentiation in haplotype frequencies indicates this would be extremely low or non-existent.
The search for alternative sources of mesenchymal stem cells (such as the dental follicle) is of considerable importance because bone marrow aspiration is an invasive procedure [ 1] and there are significant age-related decreases in the frequency and differentiation potential of bone-marrow-derived MSCs [ 12].
