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The conspicuous level of genetic differentiation between regions on either side of the CMR indicates its barrier effect.
Phenotypic differentiation between regions did not correspond to genetic differentiation, thus providing no evidence for the role of geographic barrier in incipient speciation.
The long evolutionary history allowed this species to accumulate not only mutations relative to diversity, but also high differentiation between regions.
Our study revealed the existence of genetic differentiation between regions, which may allow designing PCR-based tests on wines for checking the geographic origins in the context of AOC labels.
To test for geographical genetic structure, analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) with 10000 permutations were assessed according to the degree of differentiation between regions (ΦCT), between populations within regions (ΦSC) and between all populations (ΦST) by using ARLEQUIN 3.1 [ 44].
Molecular tools have been applied to this field and have revealed that certain deep-sea species with widespread distributions can exhibit similar morphology but considerable genetic differentiation between regions, and may thereby represent several closely related but geographically restricted species – so called 'cryptic species' [ 4– 8].
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It detected significant differentiation both between regions (FCT = 0.146, p < 0.001) and between zones within regions (FSC = 0.171, p < 0.001).
Populations found in rivers within these respective regions generally exhibit more similarities in their life histories, as well as phenotypic and neutral genetic differentiation, than between regions (Verspoor 2005; COSEWIC 2006; Fraser et al. 2007).
Also, we can see that it gives service differentiation between two regions according to the weight given to each region.
In theory, it would be possible to perform more sophisticated differentiation between images regions.
In the case of rocky intertidal species like C. pica, another important factor promoting differentiation between these regions is the absence of suitable rocky intertidal habitat in areas to the west of the Panama Canal on the Caribbean shore of Panama, which limits recruitment between central and western Panama.
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