These complex structures are essential for chromosome stability, as they differentiate chromosome ends from DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) [ 2].
These studies described the detailed syntenic relationship between the seven strawberry and rose chromosomes, and revealed a reciprocal translocation, a major telomeric inversion, and another possible inversion differentiating the chromosomes of these two genera14,15.
We detected accumulation of ovary-biased genes on the putative X-chromosome, supporting the hypothesis that genes advantageous to only one sex accumulate on the differentiating sex chromosomes.
A basic question is whether there are characteristic features that differentiate chromosomes within a species or between different species.
Traditionally, metaphase chromosomes are stained with a DNA-binding dye, such as Giemsa stain, which is taken up readily by gene-poor A,T-rich genomic regions and results in a chromosome-specific banding pattern that can be used to differentiate chromosomes and identify abnormalities.
Although none of these trends explain a large fraction of the variation among genes in expression or evolutionary rates (with r values from <0.01 to 0.14, supplementary material, Supplementary Material online), they clearly differentiate among chromosomes and even chromosome regions.
All markers affecting a trait can be plotted on the same ordinate to visualize the distribution of marker effects across the genome, colors or textures can be used to differentiate between chromosomes, and stacked graphs can be constructed to compare interesting groups of traits.
Multicolor FISH, which produces 24 colors to differentiate all chromosomes in a single hybridization, was applied.
Orcein staining of pachytene bivalents provided the characteristic chromomere pattern that differentiated the chromosomes to a certain level (Fig. 1C).
The colours blue and red were used to differentiate between chromosomes (1H-7H).
