Hence technology improvement focused measures require policies that can influence consumer behaviour (differentiated vehicle taxes) and can manage vehicles use (fuel tax).
Differentiated vehicle registration, purchase taxes and/or feebate schemes can guide consumer demand and help mitigate split incentives between individuals and society.
Also, robust video tracking enables new applications such as vehicle identification and customized statistics that are not available with current technologies, for example, suspect vehicle tracking or differentiated vehicle speed limits.
The paper suggests that a combination of fuel pricing, differentiated vehicle taxation, vehicle standards and the provision of modal choice are necessary to minimise rebound effects and significantly curb transport sector greenhouse gas emissions at low- or even negative cost.
Hence a balanced and integrated policy approach is needed that combines vehicle efficiency standards, fuel tax, differentiated vehicle taxes with the provision of modal choices and compact city design.
This paper argues that vehicle efficiency standards, fuel taxes, differentiated vehicle taxes along with the provision of modal choices and compact city design are vital to reduce transport activity, shift towards a more efficient transport structure, improve the energy intensity of fuels and foster the uptake of low-carbon fuels.
Based on the key findings, it can be recommended that a combination of educational campaigns (e.g., information tools), pricing measures (e.g., differentiated vehicle taxation), supply-sided measures and large-scale demonstrations is required to support the adoption of AFVs.
For example, the Irish CO2 emissions-differentiated vehicle tax is estimated to have resulted in a 3.6 3.8 % emissions intensity reduction and an annual reduction of transport CO2 emissions of 3%[21]1].
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Differentiated circulation vehicle taxation in selected European countries (OECD Tax Database 2013).
