Within this framework, we propose a sex-differentiated test of association, and demonstrate how we can test for heterogeneity of allelic effects between males and females.
We can perform a sex-differentiated test of association across all studies at the jth SNP, allowing for different allelic effects in males and females, given by, and having a chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom.
In this article, we review the methodology for meta-analysis of sex-specific genome-wide association studies, and propose a sex-differentiated test of association with quantitative or dichotomous traits, which allows for heterogeneity of allelic effects between males and females.
Furthermore, our simulations suggest that, even without correction for multiple testing, this approach will lack power compared to sex-differentiated tests of association when causal variants have allelic effects in both males and females, but which differ in direction and/or magnitude between them.
In addition, differentiation test between all pairs of populations showed significantly differentiated for microsatellite loci and MHC (Table 3).
Genotypes between live and dead mosquitoes were differentiated by using the exact test of Goudet et al. (22 ) and the software GENEPOP (23 ).
These highly-differentiated SNPs had the lowest P values from a χ2 test of allele frequency difference between 12 geographic regions of Britain defined by postcode.
The final test of a stem cell is in its capacity for producing differentiated cells.
The histocompatibility of allogeneic lymphocytes also suggests that 2-MHC-haplotype-matched MCM could be used for preclinical testing of differentiated stem cell therapies.
Furthermore, European populations were genetically differentiated (FST = 0.065 and most exact tests of differentiation were significant).
In pair-wise tests of differentiation, most population pairs were significantly differentiated (only 13 out of 595 pair-wise comparisons were not significantly differentiated).
