In the present study, SSR revealed a large number of alleles (Additional file 3) in the collection and efficiently differentiated recently evolved cultivars.
Thus, there is no doubt that adding the data from different loci would result in more precise delimitation of biological species, including those that have differentiated recently, although the cost and effort would also increase substantially.
Understanding the geographic origin of an M. tuberculosis DNA fingerprint could be useful, especially in understanding the sources and spread of strains in the U.S. foreign-born population, among whom differentiating recently transmitted disease from reactivation of a past exposure can be difficult.
They are commonly used in population genetic studies because of their ability to differentiate recently diverged groups (e.g., Echt et al., 1998), to function as a DNA barcode (e.g., Kuang et al., 2011), to allow for the quick identification of a genetic group or species (e.g., Decroocq et al., 2004), and to study hybridization and introgression (e.g., Wallace et al., 2011).
We interpret that the first populations to merge when the genetic distance threshold is raised from zero are the ones that differentiated more recently.
A limitation of this method is in the case of differentiating between recently duplicated isogenes with coding sequence exceeding 98% identity, and thus expression values in these instances should not be considered definitive.
Using previously published cpDNA data [20], [30], [31], h and H were calculated for other monophyletic Cistus species and lineages recently differentiated in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands.
Whereas, Ptc1Lox/Lox neocortical cells were routinely GLAST+/TuJ1+ suggesting that these were early neurons that had recently differentiated from a radial glial cell (Fig. 2C).
It could, however, be the result of GFP perdurance, identifying cells that have recently differentiated from more immature cells, perhaps stem cells.
Accordingly, we recently differentiated ten hIPSC lines into pancreatic endoderm using our four-step protocol, and observed that only those hIPSC lines that failed to differentiate into DE (two out of ten) also lacked the ability to differentiate into pancreatic cells (M. Brimpari, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and L. Vallier, personal observations).
For instance, the plumage variation may have appeared recently and differentiated independently in each expanding clade.
