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The comparison of our data with the transcriptional profile of the genes that are differentially expressed in the basal and differentiated layers of the epidermis suggests that TGF-β/phospho-Smad pathway-induced transcription profile fades along the epidermal differentiation axis.
As shown in Figure 1D, HA staining was evident in the differentiated layers of the skin epithelium, but not in the undifferentiated basal layers.
Interestingly expression of c-myc in the differentiated layers of the skin also results in hyperproliferation and formation of papillomas [57], whereas targeting c-myc to the basal proliferative layer does not promote keratinocyte proliferation or papilloma formation [58].
Although the Ets1 transgene was expressed in the more differentiated layers of the epidermis (upper spinous and granular layers), the PCNA and Ki67 labeling was mainly associated with less differentiated layers (basal and lower spinous layers).
To confirm this result, we stained sections of the dorsal skin of BT and control mice with antibodies specific for marker proteins associated with particular differentiated layers of the epidermis.
Based on these criteria, the differentiated layers of the epidermis can be visualized as three separate regions: the spinous or prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), the granular layer (stratum granulosum) and the cornified layer (stratum corneum).
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In the superficial differentiated layer of the urothelium, the umbrella cells, high CK8 expression was observed.
TLR9 was also expressed in the differentiated layers of HPV-positive cervical epithelial neoplasias (Fig. S3).
Whereas miR-203 was strongly expressed in the suprabasal, differentiated layers of normal epidermis, confirming previous reports (Yi et al., 2008), its expression was 35-fold lower in matched cutaneous SCCs.
Unlike these cells, the syncytiotrophoblast, the outer differentiated layer of placental villi, appeared completely negative for this protein.
This, we posit, could reflect the retention of stable, transgenic Ets1 protein after transition from the basal to differentiated layers or perhaps suprabasal expression of the transgenic protein due to abnormal activation of K5 promoter.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com