For each cultivar, the groups of samples without inoculation (controls) were clearly differentiated from the samples inoculated with FHB.
Some samples collected from greenhouses in West Greece and Peloponnese were not differentiated from the samples collected from fields: WG was not differentiated from WP 5 7 and EP, and WP 6 was not differentiated from EP.
Again, the control samples could clearly be differentiated from the melanoma samples.
Analysis of DNA sequences indicated unambiguously that the birds from insular and continental locations in East Asia (referred to as R. a. indicus or Brown-cheeked Rails) are clearly differentiated from the groups sampled further west from breeding populations in Europe, West Siberia, and Kazakhstan (originally recognized as R. a. aquaticus and R. a. korejewi).
At K = 8, approximately half of the previously identified W4 accessions along with some admixed W1/W4 accessions, clustered as a separate subpopulation in SE Asia, geographically well differentiated from the remaining W4 samples found in E. India and Bangladesh (Fig. 1d).
All the seawater samples are differentiated from the standing water and flowing water samples in the PC 1 PC 2 score plot (Fig. 1b).
Unlike conventional approaches for gene-level differentiated genes, which use data from the sample population of one class compared to those of the other class, the SLDGs are based on the data of each individual sample from both sides of the contrasted class compared to the Exclusion/Background class.
Pair-wise distances comparing the aboriginal and extant samples show that the southern aboriginal sample was strongly differentiated from the northern and from all present-day samples.
Indeed, we saw that the NET2011 sample is genetically differentiated from temporal samples collected earlier at the same site (NET2010 & NET2009), but undifferentiated from samples from e.g. other Dutch populations collected in 2010.
Furthermore, the Sardinian population appears more differentiated from DP than from other continental wild populations, independently from the sample size of the analysed populations (Table 2).
