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The first approach, which followed prior research,[10, 26] differentiated female physicians and female relatives of physicians from other women.
All sexually differentiated female fish had an ovarian cavity (female reproductive duct), as expected.
Taken together, our results suggest that DNA methylation, the Mbd1-Atf7ip-Setdb1 pathway, and Xist RNA cooperate in maintaining the silent state of Xi-linked genes in differentiated female cells.
Depletion of the hnRNP U results in the dissociation of Xist RNA from the Xi and its dispersion into the nucleoplasm in differentiated female cells (Hasegawa et al. 2010).
Another report used locked nucleic acid (LNA) interference probes to interfere with different parts of the endogenous Xist RNA in differentiated female ES cells and transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
To explain this switch in Xist dependence with XCI phase, studies in differentiated female cells have described synergism between Xist RNA, DNA methylation, histone variants, and histone hypoacetylation in maintaining XCI [ 20- 22].
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However, recent re-evaluation of Xist RNA coating during the cell cycle in differentiating female mouse ES cells (Jonkers et al. 2008) revealed that a significant number of female differentiated ES cells and MEFs exhibit Xist RNA coating even at telophase.
Barely differentiated as female (see "Women of Venice," above) they are like idols made by a tribe of prehistoric cave dwellers.
Comparison of the simulations, using an increasing range of fixed probabilities from 5% to 40% for both X-chromosomes, with previously obtained experimental results for differentiated XX female ES cells indicated that a fixed probability between 10% and 20% fits our experimental data best (Figure 4A; Figure S2A, B and C and Figure S3A, B and C) [10].
Young males can be differentiated from females because they have black bills, while females have brown bills (Sick 1993).
Moreover, these results also show that males are somewhat more differentiated than females, after removing scale differences.
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