There were two main groups of genes, differentiated by their expression patterns.
Re-entry into the cell cycle has been also induced in terminally differentiated cultured cardiomyocytes by expression of G1 cell cycle factors [46].
In both genotypes, epithelial cells remained highly differentiated, as evaluated by expression of E-cadherin at cellular surface (Fig 1Dg,h; Fig S1B), further indicating that junD inactivation did not promote massive epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Terminally differentiated mTEC, also characterized by expression of involucrin, no longer express the autoimmune regulator (Aire) which plays a pivotal role in establishing self-tolerance by negative selection and FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) production [ 31].
Nonterminal differentiation is characterized by expression of a completely differentiated adipocyte phenotype with retention of proliferative potential.
Accodingly, we focus on the possibilities of neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization, which are generally accompanied by differentiated expression patterns that can be assessed by in situ hybridization.
In contrast, we observed a sharp decrease of the number of 28-day-old terminally differentiated neurons, identified either by expression of NeuN without Calretinin (about 38% decrease; BrdU+/Calr−/NeuN+; p = 0.0001; Figure 2C), or by expression of NeuN with the mature neuron marker Calbindin ([54]; BrdU+/Calb+/NeuN+; p = 0.001; Figure 2D).
In addition, DUX4-FL expression in myogenic cells is almost exclusive to differentiated myocytes, as identified by expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) [ 47]; our previous study reported the number of DUX4-FL-positive nuclei per 1,000 total nuclei in the cultures and thus did not account for possibly differing extents of differentiation among different cultures.
The association between severe sepsis death and rs1361600 may be partly explained by differentiated expression of TF mRNA in monocytes stimulated with LPS from donors carrying either the rs1361600 A or G allele.
The absence of TLR4 expression in differentiated KCs, which was confirmed by expression microarray (see below), is consistent with work by others showing that TLR4 was only found in HaCat cells, but not in primary human KCs [16], [48].
