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Although RA is required for proper maintenance of epithelial tissues, the binary nature of RA-induced differentiation, in which cells commit to differentiate upon a defined time interval, may not be the ideal setting for the characterization of long-paced oscillations of NR activity.
We chose SK-N-BE(2) cells for the differentiation experiments because they are known to differentiate upon downregulation of N-Myc.
Overall, hPSC-LESCs retained their capacity to self-renew and proliferate, but were also able to terminally differentiate upon stimulation, as suggested by protein expression of cytokeratins 3 and 12.
Creating stably transfected lines from hESC is difficult since the cells tend to differentiate upon long-term selection.
These progenitors differentiate upon the concerted and combinatorial action of four highly conserved signal transduction pathways triggered by Wingless (Wg)/Wnt, Decapentaplegic (Dpp /TGF-β, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)-Ras-MAPK anDpp /TGF-β) [10].
Pluripotent progenitors are defined by their ability to maintain and differentiate upon exposure to specific stimuli.
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Control EpiSCs and human ESCs similarly differentiated upon ALK-1 inhibition (data not shown).
Embryonic liver samples exhibited a gene expression profile that differentiated upon progression in the developmental process, and revealed multiple regulated genes.
Unfortunately, adult BMECs and co-cultured cells are most often isolated from non-human sources, are generally acquired in low yield, are heterogeneous between isolations, and de-differentiate upon extended culture [ 107- 109].
In comparison to control cells, which differentiated upon Oct4 transfection, Nanog/T cells formed morphologically undifferentiated colonies.
In addition, macrophages differentiating upon stimulation with macrophage colony-stimulating factor express indoleamine 2,3-dioygenase and inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro by depleting the important amino acid tryptophan from co-cultures in response to T cell activation [ 86].
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