The gender-dependent pattern in variant consistency was likely due not (only) to gender per se, but to differential proficiency levels underlying gender.
By combining average with quantile estimates, we can assess the impact of Spanish proficiency on wage inequality between and within groups: while average returns measure the average differential between proficient and non-proficient immigrants, differences in quantile returns represent the wage differential between proficient immigrants that are located at different quantiles of the distribution.
Such handwritten CAPTCHAs exploit the differential in handwriting reading proficiency between humans and machines.
As Richards (2017) highlighted, future research needs to focus on the role of teacher language proficiency in shaping teachers' practice in classroom and the differential effects of teacher language proficiency on different language skills and various aspects of classroom instruction.
A regression analysis using the accuracy rates for the out-of-scanner tasks assessed the differential influence of age or processing proficiency on activation within ROIs.
One of the primary curricular areas more heavily emphasized in doctoral physical therapy educational programs is the differential diagnosis of these conditions, a proficiency necessary for competence in more autonomous practice settings such as primary care [ 30].
Recommended preparatory courses include advanced undergraduate level courses in linear algebra, probability, differential equations, stochastics, and numerical methods and proficiency in programming.
Second, variation in data collection across different hospitals [ 26], reliance on maternal recall [ 43] and differential reporting by race/ethnicity or English language proficiency may compromise the reliability of birth certificate data [ 27].
proficiency in and ability to apply knowledge of engineering and mathematics through differential equations, probability and statistics, and science including physics, chemistry, and biology.
Due to the differential effects found, these results imply that ignoring PD might affect the estimations of average proficiency levels in a group-specific way.
