The complete electrical isolation was monitored and confirmed by the decapolar catheter during sinus rhythm and differential pacing maneuvers.
The endpoint for ablation was LA PV entry block, defined as elimination of all ostial PV potentials during sinus rhythm, pacing at CS and differential pacing at the left atrial appendage and/or posterior wall.
In the present study a range of measures were routinely adopted to achieve a high degree of accuracy in determining LA PV entry block including: annotation of baseline CMC recordings, a correct and stable position of the CMC left in position via a second transseptal puncture during encirclement, differential pacing manoeuvres at various sites in the LA and observance of PVPs.
In many AF ablation procedures however and especially when using 'single-shot devices' (cryoballoon, PVAC)—the CMC (if any) is not at the LA PV junction during ablation, there is no second LA catheter for differential pacing, or there is no electro-anatomical mapping to tag areas of interest.
Nevertheless, a concurrent study [ 28] looking specifically at the adoption patterns of CS in two of the Spanish Autonomous Communities (including 40% of healthcare areas of our work) showed no differential paces in the adoption of CS techniques between the two ACs, minimizing the possibility of speed of adoption as an alternative explanation.
A deflectable quadripolar catheter was introduced via the left femoral vein for either differential atrial pacing or pacing in the superior vena cava to capture the right phrenic nerve.
Tyres are also a major differentiator - supplier Pirelli says there is about a 0.6secs pace differential between the four compounds, super-soft, soft, medium and hard.
Equally, the pace differential between the top cars and the slowest ones was among the biggest of the season.
The pace differential continued as Rosberg romped to his maiden victory and Schumacher retired with a loose wheel.
Various managerial implications including applications to differential pricing, improving adoption pace and segmenting consumers to design marketing strategies are discussed.
