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4 5 6 7 Arguments against hospital standardised mortality ratios are that factors unrelated to care, such as differential measurement error and inconsistent proxy measures of risk, may affect a hospital's ranking 4 and that they are open to gaming.
The first mechanism involves differential measurement error, and the second one involves inconsistent proxy measures of risk.
The degree of magnetization of the vapor is inferred from a differential measurement of its opacity to the pumping radiation.
A differential measurement in three t¯t mass bins is also presented.
For a perfectly symmetric device, differential measurement completely eliminates the contribution from lift.
Additionally, the differential measurement scheme reduced the interference from matrix effect.
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First, all exposure factors and QT interval duration were measured at a single time at baseline, which may result in non-differential measurement error as there is substantial within person variability in all these variables.
Under the assumption of non-differential measurement error these residuals should be uncorrelated with the observed measurement error u.
The bottom sub-figure shows the time domain plot of the system under test's output signal (acquired in a non-differential measurement).
Non-differential measurement error in our self-reported data is therefore likely.
Any non-differential measurement error is likely to provide conservative estimates of group differences.
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