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The suspension is a passive '3-bogie' system which offers the same 6 wheel contact on uneven ground and mobility performance as the NASA JPL 'rocker-bogie' suspension used on previous Mars rovers, but permits elimination of the differential linkage present in that design.
Their karyotypes share most of the syntenic blocks identified by chromosome painting, except for the differential linkage of MCA 16 and 19.
For example, MAOA's effects may be limited to one particular developmental stage, or in previous reports may have been due to a second locus that shows differential linkage disequilibrium between ethnic groups.
However, we limited the analyses to only the individuals who self-identified as Caucasian because of the potential for differential linkage disequilibrium across different ethnic groups leading to heterogeneity in effect estimates.
In particular, bias was greatest when identifier error rates differed between hospitals, supporting other studies that have shown differential linkage error by ethnic group, exclusion of vulnerable populations due to poorly-recorded identifiers and erroneous rankings of relative hospital performance due to differing data quality between units [ 26- 32].
Although we examine population structure within all 534 individuals of differing self-identified ethnicities, we limit our primary analyses to only those individuals who self-identified as Caucasian because of the potential for differential linkage disequilibrium across ethnic groups to lead to heterogeneity of effect estimates.
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Non-differential under-linkage or under-reporting could lead to underestimation of vaccine effectiveness.
The integrated haplotype score (iHS) is based on the differential levels of linkage disequilibrium surrounding a positively selected allele compared to the background allele at the same position (Table S1) [5].
This measure has been developed to detect evidence of recent positive selection at a locus and considers differential levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) surrounding a putatively selected allele by comparing it to LD around the alternative allele at the same position [13].
iHS is a statistic that was developed to detect evidence of recent positive selection (<30,000 years ago) at a locus, and is based on the differential levels of linkage disequilibrium surrounding a positively selected allele compared to the background allele at the same position.
The missing and wrongly attributed links are likely to be randomly distributed, leading to non-differential misclassification of linkage, and underestimation of associations with lineage and other factors.
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