As the science philosopher Daniel Dennett writes, "evolution will occur whenever and wherever three conditions are met: replication, variation (mutation), and differential fitness (competition)".
Table 3 illustrates five correspondence measures (i.e., kappa values, agreement percent, precision, recall, and F1 scores) for the six key concepts (i.e., variation, heritability, differential survival, competition, limited resources, and non-adaptive ideas).
First, the ability of strigolactone to inhibit single excised buds required apical auxin; second, if buds on two consecutive nodes were excised, basal strigolactone enhanced the growth differential or competition between them, rather than inhibiting both [ 55, 121].
"In the absence of competition, differential pricing is a hoax," scoffs Yusuf Hamied, chairman of Cipla, an Indian generics firm.
His team smashed the Americans in the Ryder Cup this summer in a 16½-11½ victhey - the largest differential in the competition since 2008 - so it's perhaps no surprise that Paul McGinley is named BBC Sport Personality Coach of the Year.
Secondly, it may be seen through differential effects on competition with other species, e.g. S. altissima interacting with invasive herbaceous plants [6].
Similar to our findings for competition, differential survival was sensitive to both sample source and sample size.
This rather modest amount of differential exposure to competition, coming during the critical growth period, appears to have been sufficient to induce a different, long-lasting, behavioural phenotype.
Binding affinities of NES peptides to CRM1 were measured in competition differential bleaching experiments using FITC-PKINES as a fluorescent probe, MBP-NESs as competitors and monitored with a microscale thermophoresis instrument.
