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The reciprocal nature of Kettlewell's results in polluted and unpolluted woodlands provided convincing evidence in support of Tutt's differential bird predation hypothesis.
The conclusion from this experiment is that differential bird predation of the forms is sufficient to explain the changes in the frequencies of the forms in Cambridge between 2001 and 2007 (Majerus 2007).
The work over the last decade has provided evidence of where wild peppered moths spend the day and has shown that bats cannot account for observed changes in the form frequencies and that differential bird predation can.
Most objective scientists who have examined the story in detail in the last half century have never veered from the view that the rise of carbonaria in polluted habitats was largely a consequence of differential bird predation.
The agent of selection, differential bird predation, and the reason why the forms of peppered moth would be subject to different levels of selection in different places the precision of the moths' camouflage were easy for students to understand.
Majerus (1998) wrote, in the conclusion to his analysis of the peppered moth story, that "My view of the rise and fall of the melanic peppered moth is that differential bird predation in more or less polluted regions, together with migration, are primarily responsible, almost to the exclusion of other factors".
Similar(52)
These results are consistent with the hypothesis of differential 'weathering' (Bird et al., 2010; Geronimus et al., 2006) and our findings suggest that this weathering process is related not only to individual or family socioeconomic adversity, but also to area level adversity.
Bird wings are feathered airfoils, and to start the air streaming and to create a pressure differential, most perched birds need only give their wings a few flaps.
The results provide no clear immunological-mediated mechanisms for the differential ability of birds within a line to be colonized.
Note that all models with lower AIC values unequivocally showed that age, muscle condition and sickness were clues for differential predation by birds of prey (see also Fig. 2).
These results suggest that seasonal variation of serum KL-6 concentrations is useful for the differential diagnosis of Bird-HP.
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