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The different sanction strategies of the welfare agencies as well as the differences in the frequency with which sanctions are actually imposed are used to instrument the selection process at the individual level and to estimate local average treatment effects (LATE, see Imbens and Angrist (1994)).
For example, Lalive et al. (2005) report different sanction intensities across Swiss cantons.
The middle part of Table 3 clearly shows that agencies with different sanction strategies are quite similar with respect to the composition of their clients.
Drawing on a dataset of officially reported sanctions from 1938 onwards, we find that energy sanctions were particularly frequent between 1973 and 2002, with key senders being the US, Russia, and the UN, each using different sanction regimes, goals, and measures.
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In an interview, Ms. Rice said "different sanctions" were considered at different points.
We've had four different sanctions at the U.N. on Iran, three from the Bush administration, one here.
Any time you take two different sanctioning bodies and merge them together it's going to take time, it will take a lot of effort and so far we have been pleased at how far everything has advanced".
While the European Commission, the executive body of the 27-nation European Union, has issued tough warnings to some smaller nations, including Hungary — which is outside the euro zone and subject to different sanctions — Spain is the first large country to run afoul of the strengthened rules.
This paper analyzes optimal punishment schemes in a two period model, where the social planner announces possibly different sanctions for offenders based on their detection history.
Research continued on the operation and effects of different sanctions; race and crime began to merge as an issue, as did drugs and crime.
It was only instructions of the legal and medical departments that stipulated certain rules of handling the mentally sick and imposing different sanctions on them.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com