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We analyse data from three different outbreaks of HPAI that occurred in the past 8 years in industrialised countries: an outbreak of H7N1 in Italy in 1999/2000, an outbreak of H7N7 in the Netherlands in 2003, that will be treated as two distinct outbreaks due to geographic separation, and an outbreak of H7N3 in Canada in 2004.
Additionally, in 2007 two different outbreaks of Marburg virus were reported in Kamwenge district of Uganda (13).
The basic questions to be addressed here are whether (i) different outbreaks of the same strain and (ii) outbreaks of different molecular strains of the influenza virus can be described by the same model of disease spread.
This strain of E. coli has been responsible for different outbreaks of diseases associated with chronic diarrhoea and the dysfunctioning of the kidney which in some cases are lethal [ 4].
Initially termed canine hepacivirus (CHV), the virus was independently sequenced from dogs with a respiratory illness from two different outbreaks of respiratory disease in the United States, whereas no healthy animals were found to be infected.
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Although the same question could be asked about other indices, the present study seeks to answer a different question: whether an index provides a meaningful point of comparison between different outbreaks, regardless of how accurately the index value from a sample corresponds to the actual population value.
Despite the importance of these epidemics, several aspects of the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics, including viral nucleotide variations within and between different outbreaks, rates of change in immune-related structural regions vs. non-structural regions, and forces driving the evolution of EV71, are still not clear.
The analysis, published today in the New England Journal of Medicine, revealed that there were actually two different lineages of the microbe, pointing to two different outbreaks spreading independently of one another.
A possible explanation for these superficially contradictory distributions of codon 129 in different outbreaks could be the compatibility of host genotype and strain of the infecting prion, in keeping with the conformational selection model of prion transmission (Collinge, 1999; Collinge and Clarke, 2007).
To do this, studies are needed in which E. coli strains from different outbreaks and with different degrees of relatedness are sequenced and compared.
Additionally, a 100%% typeability and a discriminatory power equivalent to that of phage typing were observed, and epidemiological concordance was assessed on isolates of 2 different outbreaks.
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