No differences were found on other pain outcomes regarding bias or threat, and the efficacy of the bias modification was not impacted by different levels of threat.
I remember having to pull a stuffed caracal – a sleek, lynx-like cat – towards different groups of meerkats, with the aim of figuring out how they perceive and communicate different levels of threat.
Indeed, to properly adjust its aggressive responses, a territory holder needs to be able to correctly recognize (heterospecific) intruders that pose different levels of threat [ 3, 4].
In each epoch, one of three predators representing different levels of threat (corresponding either to chase speed or wake-up probability, in different versions of the task) was present but inactive in a corner of the grid.
We found that, independent of phenotypic similarity (and correlated phylogenetic proximity) between the territory holders and intruder, territorial aggression was not adjusted in relation to allopatric intruder colour markings that are associated with different levels of threat and known to provoke different responses in a sympatric setting.
The researchers compared the reactions of 14 Pilanesberg elephant families and 39 elephant families in Amboseli to different levels of social threats.
Using an original dataset of decentralized small-business subsidies, I deploy a novel subnational design, comparing states governed by parties with different relationships to SBOs, facing different levels of electoral threat.
Such habitat shifts may often involve trade-offs, for example the trade-off between risk avoidance (predation) and foraging return, and a number of studies have shown that fish are able to trade-off potential costs and benefits of foraging in habitats with different levels of piscivore threat [15] [18].
33 Although we were not able to demonstrate an interactive effect with different levels of perceived threat and efficacy on quit intentions in this study, complex interactions have been suggested by the RBD Scale validation.
