The authors call it mode 3 approach where pluralism of different knowledge and innovation modes (paradigms) coexists (Carayannis and Campbell 2010).
'The concept of mode 3 is more inclined to emphasize the coexistence and coevolution of different knowledge and innovation modes.
Keys to here are diversity, heterogeneity, and pluralism of different knowledge and innovation modes, and their linking together via an architecture of co-evolving networks.
Respectively, these approaches generate different modes of knowledge: mode 1 knowledge production stemming from basic research that is discipline- and investigator-led, and sometimes termed 'blue skies' research; and mode 2 knowledge production emanating from applied, multidisciplinary research that is context- and problem-driven, and grounded in 'real life' [ 14].
Mode 3 allows and emphasizes the co-existence and co-evolution of different knowledge and innovation paradigms.
Emphasizing again a more systemic perspective for the Mode 3 knowledge production, a focused conceptual definition may be as follows (Carayannis and Campbell [2012], p. 49): Mode 3 '… allows and emphasizes the co-existence and co-evolution of different knowledge and innovation paradigms.
Mode 3 'encourages interdisciplinary thinking and transdisciplinary application of interdisciplinary knowledge' as well as 'allows and emphasizes the coexistence and coevolution of different knowledge and innovation paradigms' (see Carayannis and Campbell [2010], pp. 51 52).
In this study we examined the characteristics of human capital as well as the human resource (HR) configurations used for employees in four different employment modes (knowledge-based employment, job-based employment, contract work, and alliance/partnership).
17 Improvements in pesticide safety knowledge using different delivery modes may lead to some improvement in protective practices 18 and increase the use of personal protective equipment.
Networking links together different modes of knowledge production and knowledge use and also connects (subnationally, nationally, transnationally) different sectors or systems of society.
