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Using fixed-effects estimation allows the elimination of this bias that would be caused by permanent unobserved characteristics of immigrants by differencing them out8.
In this case, it is convenient to use the estimator given by Bai and Ng (2004).6 Other alternatives to estimate the common factors without differencing them are given by Barigozzi et al.
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The difference between Them and Us is clear.
"It was impossible to tell the difference between them; there was no difference between them".
"There's no difference between them.
I say split the difference with them.
The differences among them are quite stark.
But there is a difference between them.
The differences between them dwarf the commonalities.
Yet there are also differences between them.
"There are honest differences between them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com