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VCU tests evaluate differences of productivity, quality, as well as biological, chemical and technological characteristics from the standard variety, resistance to pests and diseases, and additional relevant characteristics for commercialization.
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Another example of a loose evidence base is the gender difference of productivity.
The difference in total costs was mostly explained by differences in costs of productivity losses.
Furthermore, in order for countries to converge three criteria must be met: the difference in the level of productivity, difference in the annual growth rate and a long time horizon.
Besides, from Eq. (14), the productivity differences of different well types at the same reservoir or development conditions could be also obtained.
This inconsistency may be related to methodological differences and especially to differences in the definition of productivity.
As Chad Syverson at the University of Chicago wryly noted in his 2011 round-up of the evidence on what drives productivity: "…no potential driver of productivity differences has seen a higher ratio of speculation to actual empirical study" than management.
In March Hans Tietmeyer of the Bundesbank warned against admitting countries which only narrowly met the Maastricht convergence criteria:Should the margin for budgetary manoeuvre be exhausted in a member country, adaptation to differences in the progress of productivity would bear almost exclusively on the costs of labour.
In a recent paper co-authored with Ju Hyun Pyun, of the Korea University, he estimates a measure of America's real exchange rate, augmented to take account of productivity differences and gaps in price levels between America and its poorer trading partners.
Section 2 summarizes the literature on wage discrimination against immigrants and discusses three potential sources of productivity differences between natives and immigrants.
Since there would be no hope of studying all service industries, the idea was that case studies of productivity differences in a sample of service industries might reveal whether conventional wisdom was wrong, and if so, why.
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