Analyses were performed on each substrate, as the relevant comparisons involved differences in trait values of individuals from different selection regimes on a particular substrate.
Using the coefficient of variation (CV) as a measure of variability controls for differences in trait size across species, but controlling for different sample sizes, and for small samples in particular, is more difficult.
The presence of sex differences in trait expression was evaluated, as men and women commonly undertake different tasks, occupations, and have been shown to display sexually dimorphic skeletal appearances (Buikstra and Ubelaker, 1994).
We found consistent differences in trait variability between the two regions in several species.
Analyses of variance were then used to examine the differences in trait expression assuming a randomised complete block structure.
Background: Studies indicate that differences in trait anxiety and trauma-related distress may mediate the gender differences observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Thus, our results argue that while differences in trait means need to be taken into account, the propagation method is unlikely to affect the genetic architecture and predictions of breeding value in this species.
Broad sense repeatability, which refers to the extent to which individual differences in trait scores are maintained over time, is of increasing interest to researchers studying behavioural or physiological traits.
We tested for potential moderation effects involving item difficulty, valence, intensity, sex of poser as well as individual differences in trait empathy measured with the Empathy Quotient (EQ) for a general score and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) for a multidimensional assessment of cognitive and emotional empathy.
The study was designed to see whether young children and adolescents who persist in their stutter (N = 18) show differences in trait and/or state anxiety compared with people who recover from their stutter (N = 17) and fluent control speakers (N = 19).
Second, we examined the role of individual differences in trait empathy in experiencing vicarious embarrassment.
