Sentence examples for differences in the offspring from inspiring English sources
To explain functional differences in the offspring, investigators of those studies attribute sources of influence to factors other than maternal care, such as a direct stimulation effect via the handling procedure [77]; [80], separation from the dam [79], or stress activation [81], or to an interaction between maternal care and environmental stress [82].
Such confounding is likely to lead to differences in the offspring BMI-parental mortality associations in mothers compared with fathers.
Therefore, maternal effects represent developmental influences extended across life cycle stages, in which genetic or environmental differences in the maternal generation are expressed as phenotypic differences in the offspring [ 3].
Since we have effectively excluded animal traditions in this study, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the most likely explanation to the differences seen in the offspring phenotypes.
Second, the age of all the mothers of the offspring was standard such that differences observed in the offspring cannot be accounted for by maternal age.
However, the same experiment demonstrated a clear genetic basis of some of the observed inter-population differences in the F1 offspring (Kerschbaumer et al., 2011; Koch et al., 2012).
Family differences within breed as well as breed differences were maintained in the offspring, showing a reliable inheritance of epigenetic states, which may have been an important mechanism involved in the rapid evolutionary changes of chickens during domestication.
When pooling males and females, no differences were detected in the offspring among experimental groups in size or weight at ages 7, 14 or 21 dpn.
From there it moves on to family resemblance, differences in the number of offspring produced and to the causes of deformities.
Possible differences in the association by offspring sex were weaker in this analysis than previously reported (Vatten et al, 2007).
As noted by Ewens [ 38], the Moran model closely resembles the Wright-Fisher model; the critical difference between the two models arises from differences in the distribution of offspring number.
