We speculate that the increase may be due to differences in the cytokine milieu or stimulatory signals yet to be elucidated in the β2m−/− mice.
The differential responses of the axial and appendicular skeleton to Dlx5 and other regulators of cartilage development no doubt reflects differences in the molecular milieu of anatomically distinct chondrocytes and further underscores the mosaic nature of the skeleton.
Notably, IL-18 synthesis is increased in SJIA, but not in KD [ 55], indicating that there are differences in the inflammatory milieu in these (sometimes clinically similar) diseases.
As we found histological differences in the inflammatory milieu of the DEN-treated livers, we examined the IL-6 protein levels in the liver.
Differences in the cytokine milieu at the materno-foetal interface could therefore be implicated in the attenuated neonatal Th1 responses observed commonly in infants of atopic mothers (Rinas et al. 1993).
Thus, both the chemistry and brain transcriptome data show patterns strongly associated with the social environment, and highlight the fact that there are major differences in the social milieu between founding and worker phase colonies.
The altered disease progression reflected by weight measurements of Ccl3 −/−; Npc1 −/− mice (Fig. 2) suggests that pre-existing differences in the cytokine milieu can contribute to disease severity, particularly in visceral tissue.
Also, it is not known whether individual-related factors that promote PCO development are due to intrinsic properties of the lens epithelial cells of that individual or if they are due to individual-dependent systemic factors or differences in the ocular milieu surrounding the lens cells in vivo.
It should also be noted that especially where interaction effects are seen, genotype and hormone interaction effects may depend upon differences in the hormonal milieu prior to castration, that may have occurred during development and this limitation should be recognized in generalizing the results.
Differences in the extracellular milieu such as the presence of interacting neighbouring cell populations, exposure to proteases or a hypoxic microenvironment contribute to functional developments within MSC populations originating from different tissues, and intracellular conditions such as the expression levels of certain micro RNAs can additionally balance MSC function and fate.
