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However, this apparent interaction may have been an artifact of the differences in the difficulty of different concepts or the difficulty of the exam questions on those concepts.
By contrast, a modern test theory approach such as the Rasch measurement model is able to account for differences in the difficulty of the different tiers above and beyond any role of content differences.
The aim of this study was to determine whether large variations in the pass rates of different versions of the Taiwanese tour guides' English test were due to inherent differences in the difficulty of the tests.
We focused on three perspectives: (a) differences in the difficulty of prompts in terms of Criterion® holistic scores, (b) relationships between Criterion® holistic scores and indicators of L2 proficiency, and (c) changes in Criterion® holistic and writing quality scores at three time points over 28 weeks.
An analysis of the callitrichid data confirmed the existence of significant differences in the difficulty of the three tasks, as gauged by both latency to solve and number of unsuccessful task manipulations and successful extractions by the monkeys.
The possible confounds of the result include differences in the difficulty and enjoyment of the task, and a lack of between-groups differences in rating their subjective presence in the environment and ownership of the virtual arms.
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Alfred S. Posamentier, dean of education at City College, cautioned that any shifts in scoring trends could be a result of differences in the difficulty-level of the test from year to year.
There will be no difference in proportions of missing data for cognitive estimation items such as estimates of the likelihood of contracting influenza infection than other risk assessment formats reflecting no differences in the difficulties posed to respondents by such items [ 17, 18].
Hence, the focus of this study was to investigate whether there was a difference in the difficulty of vocabulary tests in context in supplying format.
Moreover, DIF analysis was used to examine the difference in the difficulty papameters between two modes of administration (paper-and-pencil vs. touch-screen).
We found that there was no significant difference in the difficulty score between needle groups and no significant difference in reported difficulty scores if operators did not use their preferred needle size.
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