Our assumption is that variation between the decisions made by physicians is related to systematic differences in the constraints they face.
If, however, bees were shown capable of performing their dances more precisely, but did not, or if they performed them more precisely when doing one thing (say househunting) than another, and these differences were not due to differences in the constraints, it would strengthen the case for the observed patterns being an adaptation.
It has also been known that there is a difference in the constraint effect between real pipes and standard specimens, and LBB design using standard specimens is conservative.
A relatively small difference in the size of the channels resulted in a significant difference in the constraint exerted by the pore dimension, smaller the pore dimension higher the tendency for the catalyst to form monobranched isomer with the methyl at terminal position.
Note that, as ‖ δ U n ‖ → 0, the difference in the constraint residual ‖ R J, τ n - R J, τ n - 1 ‖ → 0 and as a result, R P, τ n → k [ B τ n ] T M τ - 1 R J, τ n, which represents the standard residual resulting from Eq. (30).
Nevertheless, this does indicate that optimal input data must be used, particularly in studies such as this one where small differences in the evolutionary constraints of a protein are being investigated.
Conversely, the remaining difference in the evolution rates of domains in multidomain proteins is attributable to the differences in the intrinsic constraints.
There are marked differences in the diffusional constraints in unstrained constructs in the bioreactor, involving contact of the upper surface with a fluid impermeable loading pin.
The ML method described here is most useful for testing for heterogeneity in the turnover rate and thus testing for differences in the selective constraints on TFBSs.
There are however some important differences in the fossil constraints such as the use of a younger rhynchocephalian fossil here (for a detailed comparison see Additional file 1).
