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The differences in the ancestry proportions between the two types of uniparental markers in U.S. Africans were highly statistically significant (Fisher exact test value = 58.80, two tail p value = 6.00e-014).
It could also reflect differences in the ancestry of the US and UK Black populations, with UK Blacks having migrated relatively recently and coming from the Caribbean and East Africa, whereas US Black immigration is more historic and largely from West Africa (Nazroo et al, 2007).
Second, because GWASs typically include many thousands of markers that are not associated with the particular disease of interest, these additional neutral data allow researchers both to measure 28 and to compensate for differences in the ancestry of cases and controls.
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Association studies can be confounded by differences in ancestry: geographic ancestry can explain just a portion of human genetic variation.
Further adjustments are needed for systematic stratifications that can exist across many thousands of genetic factors, most notably due to differences in the genetic ancestry of study participants.
In contrast, there are no differences in the AT ancestry among all the calves' cohorts and Sheko population (Supplementary Figure S4b).
We did not detect any significant evidence for linkage on chromosome 5 as was reported in a previous study of 89 multi-generation pedigrees [ 25], which, like our study, included mostly Caucasian women; however, there may have been differences in the family ancestries or characteristics of the source populations that are not obvious.
The excess of missense sequence variations among low absorbers may reflect an increased prevalence of defective NPC1L1 alleles in this group, occult differences in the genetic ancestries of the high and low absorbers (population stratification) or chance fluctuations in allele frequencies.
In addition to the differences in ancestry, the clonal tree output by AncesTree contains only a subset of the mutations, whereas the tree output by PhyloSub contains all mutations.
Differences in the amount of ancestry were tested in regions with more than 10 sampled individuals by means of a Kruskal-Wallis test.
Thus, the location of sugar mills and sugar production variables explain a substantial proportion of the differences in African ancestry observed in present day Puerto Rico.
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