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There may be differences in expected treatment effects because of heterogeneity across populations in the different trials.
Differences in expected costs between good and moderate health are larger for hospital and home care use than for LTC.
Proportional shortfall of QALYs, which focuses on relative current and prospective health losses, is not sensitive to large absolute differences in expected lifetime health.
Mohan et al present survey data showing differences in expected treatment between patients and physicians, as well as variation between primary care providers and specialists in evaluation and management.
As described by Little, a standard approach to determine whether data are MCAR when only one variable, y, is missing from a data set is to compare those variables fully observed for responders and non-responders, using t tests to compare differences in means, or χ for differences in expected counts.
Calculating estimated yearly progression (baseline TSS divided by mean disease duration) illustrates the broad differences in expected progression rates across protocols, ranging from 3.5 to 6.6 in established disease (US301 and TEMPO) to 8.4, 9.5, and 27.4 (ERA, ASPIRE, and PREMIER) in early disease.
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Where one treatment did not dominate the other, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio was calculated as the ratio of the difference in expected costs to the difference in expected quality adjusted life years.
Finally, we calculated the Hosmer-Lemeshow χ statistic (HLχ) to test the difference in expected and observed probabilities of an event in the different models.
This may result in no significant difference in expected performance for the test slabs evaluated.
In equilibrium, the candidate representing the majority wins with a probability that increases in the degree of political disagreement — the difference in expected payoffs from the candidates' policies.
Alternatively, laws may engender smaller effects among more marginalized populations even if there is no difference in expected benefits if costs of compliance are proportionally greater (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2004).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com