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Based on the limited information provided by the FDA in its February 6 announcement, it seems unlikely that its PHASE model accounted for these differences in downstream, intracellular effects.
To determine how differences in downstream signaling could influence gene expression in innate immunity, gene expression patterns were determined for the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line stimulated with LPS, poly (I C), or CpG DNA.
Furthermore, the distinct fertility phenotype of Col-0 and Ler can be caused by either differences in downstream signaling mechanisms or altered expression of DELLA proteins (Plackett et al. 2014).
However, there were significant differences in downstream signaling events, costimulatory receptor expression and activation and in the cytokines and chemokines released upon TCR induction.
Expression and phosphorylation of the p38 MAP kinase pathway was subsequently investigated, as a marker to determine if differences in downstream activation after CARD15 could explain the decreased response to MDP in CD.
The rapid weakening of the strong IL-12 response to TLR8 stimulation, observed from 20 days onwards in the MLN, is due to the combination of both a change in the number of CD14+ cells and qualitative differences in downstream intracellular signalling pathways.
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This population difference (Cultus Lake sockeye are hatchery-reared) was the main reason for an observed difference in downstream travel speeds between wild and hatchery fish in the Fraser River (Figure 5).
These results suggest a functional difference in downstream activities of AGO1 among monocots and dicots that is brought about by variation in expression levels of miR168.
To better determine the difference in downstream RNA Pol II occupancy between the two signals and whether these differences reflect transition from initiation to elongation, we calculated RNA Pol II traveling ratios (TR) [ 21, 22].
Two nodes of the graph, x and y, are merged if the maximum difference in downstream frequencies is less than a threshold (B. L. Browning and S. R. Browning 2007).
The results revealed however that the number of phosphorylation sites in the NPSR1-A and NPSR1-B C-terminal did not seem to affect the difference in downstream gene regulation observed between the isoforms, even though minor effects were seen within each isoform group.
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